Hollow fiber membranes are becoming popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their excellent efficiency and versatility. These membrane structures consist of tiny fibers arranged in a bundle, providing a significant surface area for filtration processes. The capillary nature of hollow fibers allows for effective removal of pollutants

PVDF membrane bioreactors have become a significant technology for wastewater treatment. These systems offer several strengths, including high removal rates of biological pollutants, reduced sludge formation, and improved water quality. Additionally, PVDF membranes are known for their durability, making them appropriate for long-term deployment. To